SOYBEAN (sometimes plus a "nut" in front of his name) is one of the leguminous plants which forms the basis of much of the East Asian food such as soy sauce, tofu, and tempeh. Based on archaeological heritage, this plant has been cultivated since 3500 years ago in East Asia. White soy was introduced to Nusatara by immigrants from China since the rise of trade with China, while the black soybean has been long known the locals. Soybean is a major source of vegetable protein and vegetable oil. The main producers of soy are the United States even though the world is practically new soybean cultivated community outside Asia after 1910.
Diversity and cultivation
Soybeans are cultivated actually consists of at least two species: Glycine max (soybean called white, the seeds can be yellow, slightly white, or green) and Glycine soja (soybean black, black seeds). G. max is native to subtropical regions of Asia such as China and southern Japan, while G. soja is native to tropical Asia in Southeast Asia. This plant has spread to Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia and Indonesia.
Some cultivars of white soy cultivation in Indonesia, among which are 'Ringgit', 'Order', 'Lokon', 'Darros', and 'Wilis'. "Edamame" is a kind of green soybeans large seed that has not been known in Indonesia and comes from Japan.
Soybeans grown in paddy fields and dry fields (fields). Planting is usually done at the end of the rainy season, after the rice harvest. Earthworks usually minimal. Seeds are inserted directly in the holes made. Usually within 20-30cm. Basic nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer is needed, but after the addition of nitrogen to grow crops do not provide any benefit. Land that has not been planted with soybeans is recommended given the "starter" nitrogen-fixing bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum to help plant growth. Penugalan done when the plant soil teenager (early vegetative phase), as well as the cleaning of weeds and the second phase of phosphate fertilizer. Ahead of flowering fertilizer potassium is recommended although many farmers who neglect to save costs.
pemerian
Soy is known by various names: sojaboom, soja, soja Bohne, soybean, soybean, peanut Ramang, fur bean, pea gimbol, crack mejong, kaceng fur, japanese beans, dekenana, demekun, dele, kadele, sometimes japanese, lebui bawak, lawui , sarupapa sodium absorption ratio, dole, kadule, puwe mon, yellow beans (Aceh) and gadelei. These names indicate that soy has long been known in Indonesia.
Soybean is an annual dicotyledonous herb with little branching, root system taproot, and stem berkambium. Soy can change the appearance of being half-propagating plants in low lighting conditions. Soybean, especially white soy from subtropical regions, is also a short-day plant with a critical time average of 13 hours. He will soon be ready to bloom when the long flowering period of less than 13 hours a day. This explains the low production in the tropics, because it is too early flowering plants.
seed
Soy beans into pieces two, wrapped in skin and seeds contain no endospperma network. Located between pieces of seed embryo. Yellow seed coat color, black, green, brown. Navel seeds (hilum) is a former seed tissue attached to the fruit wall. Form of soy beans generally oval tetapai some are round or slightly flattened round.
sprout
Dry soybean seed will germinate when obtaining adequate water. Soy Sprouts classified epigeous, ie pieces of seed appear above ground. Hypocotyl color, which is part of the stem sprouts under kepaing, purple or green color associated with flowers. Berhipokotil soybean flowering lilac purple, medium green berhipokotil white flowering. Soy Sprouts can be used as vegetables (bean sprouts).
rooting
Soybean plants have a taproot that form the roots of branches that grow sideways (horizontal) not far from the surface of the ground. If the soil moisture down, the roots will grow into in order to absorb nutrients and water. Growth to the side can reach a distance of 40 cm, with a depth of up to 120 cm. In addition to functioning as a bertumpunya plant and conveyance of water and nutrients, the roots of soybean plants is also home to the formation of nodules. Nodule in the form of colonies of nitrogen-fixing bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum which is a mutual symbiosis with soybean. On land that already contains these bacteria, nodules begin to form around 15-20 days after planting. Root nodule bacteria can fix nitrogen from the air in the form of N2 gas that can then be used by soybean after oxidized to nitrate (NO3).
rod
Soybean trunked with 30-100 cm tall. Stems can form 3-6 branches, but when the distance between the plants meeting, the branch to be reduced, or no branching at all. Type of stem growth can be divided into limited (determinate), unlimited (indeterminate), and half-limited (semi-indeterminate). Limited type has distinctive features simultaneous flowering and end the rising growth. Short to medium plants, rod ends almost as large as the center of the stem, leaves as big as the top of the middle stem leaves. Type unlimited flowering characterized gradually from the bottom up and the plants continue to grow. Plants berpostur moderate to high, the rod tip is smaller than the middle. Type half-limited has characteristics between the two types.
flower
Soybean flowers including perfect flowers that every flower has male tool and female tool. Pollination occurs when the petals are still closed so that the possibility of interbreeding natural minuscule. Interest lies in stem segments, purple or white. Not all flowers can be pollinated pods occurred despite perfectly. Approximately 60% of flowers fall before forming pods.
fruit
Soybean pod-shaped fruit. Each plant is capable of producing 100-250 pods. Soybean pods hairy and brownish yellow or gray. During the ripening process of fruits, pods are green at first will turn into black.
leaf
In the book (nodes) first plants that grow from seed to form a pair of single leaf. Furthermore, in all the books on it to form a compound leaf is always with three strands. Single leaf blade has a short stalk and leaf stalk has a rather long threes. Each leaf is oval, thin, and green. Downy leaf surface (trichoma) on both sides. Buds or flowers will appear in the armpit petiole compound. After dark, the leaves turn yellow and fall, ranging from the leaves stuck to the bottom of the stem.
Processed products of soybean
In Indonesia, soybeans became a major source of vegetable protein nutrition, although Indonesia has to import most of the soybean needs. This happens because the high Indonesia needs to be white soy. White soy instead of native tropical plants, so the result is always lower than in Japan and China. Breeding and domistika have not managed to completely change the nature of the white soybean photosynthesis. On the other hand, black soybeans are not photosensitive received less attention in breeding though in terms of adaptation is more suitable for Indonesia.
Soy is a versatile plant. Because the roots have nitrogen-fixing nodules free, soy is a plant with a high protein content so that the plants used as green manure and fodder.
The main uses of soy is from seed. Soy beans are rich in protein and fat as well as several other important nutrients, such as vitamins (phytic acid) and lecithin. Processed grains can be made into:
Tofu (tofu),
various seasoning sauce (one of which soy sauce, which was originally made from black soybeans), Tempe
Soy milk (good for sensitive people lactose),
soy flour,
oil (from here can be made soaps, plastics, cosmetics, resins, inks, crayons, solvents, and biodiesel.
Taosi
tauco
Soy benefits for young and breast cancer
Yes ... almost everyone knows, soy beans are high in protein. However, many people do not know that soy is a major source of isoflavones, which have been shown to have a number of benefits for the body. One of these durable guarantee healthy skin by maintaining skin elasticity, making it look younger.
Isoflavones also contains one of the active substances of phytoestrogens. Usefulness hormone estrogen. When consumed regularly, can improve skin elasticity and reduce the effects of premature aging.
According to dr. Deby Susanti Vinski, expert beauty and anti-aging French graduates, to rileks.com, isoflavones can maintain hormonal balance and function as antioxidants, so the effect on increasing skin moisture.
"Effects of phytoestrogen consumption, reduced wrinkles. Same with the results of hormone therapy to ensure healthy skin and reduce premature aging, which is characterized by sustained resilience or elasticity of the skin, "said dr. Deby.
The chemical structure of isoflavones and estrogen was almost the same. Not surprisingly, isoflavones are often called natural estrogen hormone replacement or phytoestrogens.
"The content of isoflavones in soy effectively absorbed by the human body. Isoflavones are estrogenic, they increase estrogen hormone. Thus, soy consumption useful for those approaching or already experiencing menopause, "he said.
In contrast, for patients with breast cancer or ovarian cancer that excess estrogen, isoflavones have antiestrogenic properties. That is, help the blockade of estrogen in order to move down.
With these features, for women who want to have a healthy and stay young one if it is advisable to increase the consumption of soy and its derivatives such as milk and flour.
Soy Isoflavones have been proven by many scientific studies. Among done Masayuki Arii, Kikkoman Co., Ltd. Biochemical Division (2005).
The Japanese researchers studied 26 women aged 30-40 years. Revealed that consumption of isoflavones for three months is able to withstand severe conditions do not become wrinkles and improve skin elasticity.
Overall dr. Deby conclude, the benefits of isoflavones is not just to reduce wrinkles on the skin and stimulate collagen formation, but also has many benefits, among others:
1. Improve the metabolism of fat, as well as weight control.
2. At the time of menopause, estrogen is reduced and no longer in production of the body.
Thus, often have problems such as sleeplessness and wrinkled skin. Similarity properties of isoflavones with estrogen makes this substance is so great and is able to inhibit the rate of premature aging.
3. Helps prevent osteoporosis
Several studies have been done to link the consumption of calcium in osteoporosis management. The addition of calcium and estrogen are conducted on 72 postmenopausal women showed a reduction in bone mass loss.
4. Helps reduce levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) and may reduce the risk of heart disease,
Through the research conducted by Food and Drug Administration United States. The study shows that eating 4 servings of soy foods each day, the levels of LDL in the blood can be reduced up to 10%, which means it can reduce the risk of heart disease by 20%
Therefore, the consumption of foods containing isoflavones soon enough so beautiful inside and out. Want a practical, just try diligently taking Soyjoy, one that processed soy products oven baked.
source:
id.wikipedia.org
rileks.com